Symptoms include sudden difficulty breathing, throat swelling, a fast heart rate, and dangerously low blood pressure. Kissing bugs skin#People with certain skin sensitivities to the bugs saliva may exhibit signs of allergic reactions, such as itching, swelling, redness, etc. Severe allergic reactionįor some people, a kissing bug bite may result in a severe acute allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Kissing bugs occasionally bite humans in their sleep. The CDC estimates that about 300,000 people in the United States have Chagas disease, and most have picked up the disease while traveling. You’ll often see 2-15 bite marks in one area and maybe redness and swelling. Kissing bugs can be found in the southern United States, but despite Southern hospitality, these genteel bugs only rarely carry the Chagas-causing parasite. Kissing bugs are so named because they like to bite around the mouth or eyes. At this point, there’s no longer a way to cure the disease.įor many people, symptoms never pop back up, but for some, they do - even a decade or more later! The CDC estimates that 20 to 30 percent of people who have the disease may experience severe - even fatal - symptoms at some point years later.Ĭhagas disease is most commonly found in South America, Central America, and Mexico, where an estimated 8 million people have the disease. While your overall health may seem a-OK, the parasite remains in your body. To cure the illness, it’s crucial to receive treatment at this phase.Īs the number of parasites in your blood decreases, your symptoms will improve. The members of the Triatominae / tra.tmni /, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs (so-called from their habit of feeding from around the mouths of people), 1 or vampire bugs. As the parasites circulate in your blood, you may start to feel like you have a very mild case of the flu, complete with aches, pains, fever, swollen lymph nodes, or even a rash. But if you do, the disease has two phases.ĭuring the acute phase, you may not have any symptoms. Kissing bugs (triatomines) are bloodsucking insects that are found primarily throughout the Americas. Not everyone who’s bitten by a kissing bug will get Chagas disease. Scratching or rubbing the bite increases the likelihood of transferring the feces or urine into your body. Conenose bugs (also known as kissing bugs) are blood-sucking insects that feed on rodents or other wild animals. Chagas diseaseĪs mentioned earlier, kissing bugs’ urine and feces are known to carry a parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi, which can cause Chagas disease.įor the bug to pass the disease to a human, the bug’s feces or urine has to enter through your eyes, nose, mouth, or any other opening in your skin - including the bite itself. In rare cases, kissing bug bites can result in more severe symptoms. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to people by triatomine (kissing) bugs.
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Mail pieces that exceed the maximum dimensions for a large envelope are charged parcel prices.įirst-Class mail packages- a box, thick envelope, or tube weighing up to 13 ounces. The maximum size of a large envelope is 12 inches high by 15 inches long by 3/4 inches thick. Large envelopes exceed any one of the maximum dimensions of a letter. The weight limit for First-Class Mail large envelopes is 13 ounces. Large envelopes are great for sending items through the mail, such as correspondence, proposals, and newsletters. Oversized letters will be charged as a large envelope or parcel depending on the siz and/or shape.įirst -Class Mail large envelopes are flat rectangular mail piece no thicker than ¾ inch. Letters that are considered non-machinable are subject to a surcharge. No more than 6-1/8 inches high X 11-1/2 inches long X 1/4 inch thick To qualify for Letter prices the letter must be: #FIRSTCLASS MAIL PC#Use a stamp, postage meter, or PC postage and drop the letter in a collection box or hand it to your carrier. Letters are small rectangular mail piece no thicker than ¼ inch weighing 3.5 ounces or less. Oversized cards will be charged as a letter or large envelope depending on the size. Length is the longest dimension parallel to the address. No more than 4-1/4 inches high X 6 inches long X 0.016 inch thick To qualify for Postcard prices, a card must be:Īt least 3-1/2 inches high X 5 inches long X 0.007 inch thick There’s no envelope to open, your message is right there for your family, friends or customers to see the moment their mail arrives. Postcards are rectangular cardstock mail piece not contained in an envelope. For items weighing more than 13 ounces, use Priority Mail or Parcel Post. First Class Mail prices are based on the weight of the item being mailed. Advertisements, lightweight merchandise and small gifts may also be sent First Class. This service is ideal for sending personal correspondence, handwritten or typewritten letters, and bills. Generally, if your envelope contains more than 10 pieces of paper, You will not save any money by folding it into a smaller envelope you might as well use a larger envelope (see First Class Flats) because it will cost the same, and your documents will be delivered in better condition.This service is for postcards, letters, large envelopes and small packages weighing less than 13 ounces. #FIRSTCLASS MAIL FULL#A good letter will not be stuffed too fullĭepartments often send me letter sized envelopes that are so stuffed full of papers that they become too thick for the to process through my machine. Sometimes these extra inserts slip through, however, but because of the speed at which they are being sorted (again, see my How the Post Office Works blog) coins often pop out of the paper, credit cards can be bent or broken, and paper and binder clips have caused many a jam over time. Anything solid in the letter can cause an additional handling charge for the recipient to pay before they are able to pick it up, or it may be sent back to you with a note requiring more postage. No paper clips, binder clips, coins, credit cards, small rocks, or apples. A good letter will not have anything solid inside For more information on address formatting, check out my blog: A good address is a happy address!ĥ. Much depends upon what you are sending and how you are sending it. This axiom can be both flexible and restrictive. A good letter will have a correctly formatted address Regardless of how you address your envelope, they will probably be scanned like they are in landscape format. Sorting scanners are programmed to process letter sized envelopes in landscape format and do not function well in portrait format. If they don’t have a return address, or have insufficient information to facilitate a return, they will “kill” the letter (see FAQ’s for “Dead Letters”). It is important to have both because if the postal service is unable to deliver the letter to the recipient (for a myriad of reason) they need to know where to send it back to. A good letter will have both a “to” and “from” address If your letter weighs more than 3 ounces, then you don’t have a letter, you have a flat (see First Class Flats).Ģ oz = 10 pieces of paper and an envelopeģ oz = 15 pieces of paper and an envelopeĪny letter with over 15 pieces of paper should NOT be placed in a #10 letter sized envelope 2. A good letter weighs no more than 3 ounces #FIRSTCLASS MAIL HOW TO#I get the feeling that they’ve stopped teaching people how to write and address a letter in elementary school anymore though, because I have seen some really unfortunate letters before (to learn how to properly address a letter visit my Addressing Tips & Helps page). Starting at 50 ¢, letters are one of the most common forms of mail used to date. The next class up from First Class postcards are First Class letters. This is because the probabilities of tsunami along the Japan Sea coast were considered to be significantly lower than those for the Pacific coast because of low seismic activity (or long recurrence intervals) in the Japan Sea area (Rikitake and Aida 1988). ( 2017) indicated, planning for tsunami disaster mitigation along the Japan Sea coast has not been as developed as for the Pacific coast. The coastal areas of the Japan Sea have experienced large tsunamis produced by earthquakes of this type: for example, the 1983 Nihonkai–Chubu earthquake tsunami (e.g., Shuto 1985). By contrast, subduction zones generating megathrust earthquakes comparable to those in the Pacific Ocean do not exist in the Japan Sea however, many active faults exist over the area. The government has therefore promoted tsunami hazard mitigation measures along the Japanese coastlines of the Pacific Ocean, where earthquake-induced tsunamis reoccur at moderate intervals and for which a great wealth of such observation data exist. 1983), and deposits for paleo tsunamis were also found (e.g., Fujino et al. There are records and survey results of recent tsunami inundation and damage in the coastal areas (e.g., Hatori et al. These earthquakes generated large tsunamis that struck the coastal areas. Historical documents have indicated that large earthquakes repeatedly occurred with intervals of 100–200 years over a long term (Thatcher 1984). Nankai Trough earthquakes are typical examples of repeatedly occurring earthquakes. Earthquakes occurring in subduction zones have been considered to occur repeatedly dominated by several factors such as the geological structure and the convergence rate. 2013) and Nankai Trough (e.g., Tanioka and Satake 2001). The regions bordering the Pacific Ocean have typically been struck by tsunamis generated by earthquakes in subduction zones, such as the Japan Trench (e.g., Satake et al. The coastal areas at risk from near-field tsunamis span the coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the Japan Sea, covering metropolises and major ports. Japanese coastal areas, including urbanized and densely populated areas, are prone to severe damage from tsunami inundation (e.g., Woessner and Farahani 2020). Based on these results, the enhancement of existing infrastructure such as breakwaters and river levees should be the priority measure within tsunami risk-mitigation strategies these, combined with natural resources such as dunes, can effectively mitigate tsunami disasters. These findings were common to the coastal areas, and could be generally applicable to tsunami inundation for all coastal areas along the Japan Sea. Additionally, even the areas protected by the dunes might be exposed to an inundation risk in which the tsunamis invade a river channel, causing it to overflow. However, the presence of the breakwaters also increases the tsunami heights in the areas immediately beyond the ports. According to the simulated results, the dunes and port breakwaters contribute significantly to decreasing the total amount of tsunami inundation for the areas behind them. Natural sand dunes, ports with man-made breakwaters, and rivers with levees are typical topographical features found in urbanized and densely populated areas along the Japan Sea coastline. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimated inundation characteristics, tsunami inundation was simulated for each coastal area under varying tsunami source conditions (including excessive tsunami magnitude) with a high resolution of the topography and infrastructure. Comprehensive simulations for tsunami propagation and inundation were performed for coastal areas in Akita City, Sakata City, and Niigata City based on earthquake and tsunami source scenarios developed by the Japanese Government for the Japan Sea area. Based on tsunami simulations for representative coastal areas, we aimed to identify common vulnerabilities, which included those suggested by previous studies and local governments, to develop disaster mitigation strategies. This study estimated the tsunami inundation characteristics for three major Japanese coastal cities along the Japan Sea. For Japanese coastal communities along the Japan Sea, where the risk of earthquake-induced tsunamis is deemed lower than that along the Pacific Ocean, tsunami disaster mitigation strategies have not been sufficiently developed. Swing for the fences! Do 20% more melee weapon damage. Unarmed Power Attacks have an increased chance to cripple one of your opponent's limbs. Unarmed Power Attacks have a chance to cripple one of your opponent's limbs. Punching attacks now do 40% more damage and can disarm your opponent. If the SPECIAL- bobbleheads and " You're SPECIAL!" have been picked up prior to increasing the relevant base stats to 10 through the perk chart, they will effectively take the place of one perk point each, potentially reducing the minimum level required for every perk to 278, but at the cost of limiting the player's maximum possible base SPECIAL stats.Ĭhannel your chi to unleash devastating fury! Punching attacks do 20% more damage to your opponent. To unlock every perk and maximize each base SPECIAL stat, including the 7 perk ranks added with Far Harbor and the 7 perk ranks added with Nuka-World, the player character must get to level 286. Level 50 is required to meet higher rank requirements for all of the perks. The level required varies by perk and rank. #Orcz fallout 4 perk chart full#Initial perk ranks have no level requirement and may be taken as soon as their base SPECIAL requirement is met, but additional ranks also impose a level requirement, preventing perks from reaching their full potential right away. Each rank costs one perk point and grants new bonuses however each rank must be purchased in order. Perks higher up on the chart (with lower base SPECIAL requirements) do not have to be obtained prior to obtaining perks lower on the chart (with higher base SPECIAL requirements).Įach perk has multiple ranks. The perk chart does not follow a strict "tree" format any perk may be selected in any order so long as its base SPECIAL requirement is met. However, SPECIAL stats granted through temporary means such as equipment, chems, and alcohol do not affect which perks may be taken. Obtaining the SPECIAL- bobbleheads and " You're SPECIAL!" also increase the base SPECIAL stats, potentially allowing new perks to be selected. Each perk has a base SPECIAL requirement that must be met before it can be taken this is based off the starting stats chosen upon character creation, along with any increases to those stats obtained through spending perk points. SPECIAL perks are obtainable via spending perk points in the perk chart. rank 4 of Iron Fist, make sure to first add the 3 lower ranks. For example, to add rank 1 of Iron Fist, one would type player.addperk 1dafe into the console. Any perk with a form ID can be added with the console via player.addperk. When obtained, these perks are viewable on the Pip-Boy's perks screen, which is separate from the perk chart.Įvery perk has a form ID. Unless otherwise specified, all perks are permanent. In addition, there are other perks that can be gained through the player character's actions, such as reading a magazine, which don't use up perk points. This is all manageable from the perk chart screen within the Pip-Boy. Every rank of the SPECIAL attributes and perks costs 1 perk point. This point can be expended on an increase in the rank of a primary SPECIAL attribute, or on one of the SPECIAL perks. Each time the player character gains a level they gain a perk point. The new perk system of Fallout 4 has merged with the skill system of previous games. Our Signature partners make their mark by helping us identify new and meaningful resources for people with arthritis. Our Pacesetters ensure that we can chart the course for a cure for those who live with arthritis. Our Pioneers are always ready to explore and find new weapons in the fight against arthritis. These inspired and inventive champions have contributed $1,500,00 to $1,999,999. Our Visionary partners help us plan for a future that includes a cure for arthritis. Our Trailblazers are committed partners ready to lead the way, take action and fight for everyday victories. Join us today and help lead the way as a Champion of Yes. If you develop arteritis, high doses of corticosteroids may be necessary to control the condition and prevent vision loss.Īs a partner, you will help the Arthritis Foundation provide life-changing resources, science, advocacy and community connections for people with arthritis, the nations leading cause of disability. For some people, daily doses of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), are sufficient, but more often corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are required to control inflammation.Īlthough your polymyalgia will eventually go away completely, it’s important that you be mindful – both now and after your disease resolves – of symptoms such as headaches and blurred vision, which could mean giant cell arteritis. Treatment for polymyalgia is targeted at relieving inflammation. Fibromyalgia is treated with exercise, relaxation techniques, analgesic medications and antidepressants to relieve pain and promote sleep. And whereas fibromyalgia is chronic, often lasting a lifetime, polymyalgia usually resolves itself within two years. Fibromyalgia can occur at any age, but polymyalgia rarely occurs before age 50. Other common symptoms of fibromyalgia include fatigue, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, irritable bowel syndrome and headaches.īoth fibromyalgia and polymyalgia are more common in women than men. You also will typically have tender points throughout your body. To be diagnosed with fibromyalgia, you must experience pain on both sides of the body and in both the upper and lower half of the body. People with fibromyalgia may be extremely sensitive to pain and other unpleasant sensations. It is caused by abnormal sensory processing in the central nervous system. Approximately 15% develop a potentially dangerous condition called giant cell arteritis – an inflammation of the arteries that supply the head.įibromyalgia is not an inflammatory condition. People with this condition also may have flu-like symptoms, including fever, weakness and weight loss. The primary symptoms are severe stiffness and pain in the muscles of the neck, shoulder and hip areas. The cause is uncertain but it is believed to be an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks the connective tissues. Polymyalgia, or polymyalgia rheumatica, is an inflammatory disease of muscle. Both fibromyalgia and polymyalgia are characterized by muscle pain, but many other aspects of the two conditions differ. The word myalgia means pain within the muscles. What is the distinction between polymyalgia and fibromyalgia? What is the treatment for polymyalgia?Īnswer: I can certainly understand the confusion between fibromyalgia and polymyalgia the names and, to an extent, the symptoms of both conditions are similar. Question: I’ve been diagnosed with polymyalgia. |
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